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### 3.8 Options to Request or Suppress Warnings

Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there may have been an error.

You can request many specific warnings with options beginning ‘`-W`’, for example `-Wimplicit` to request warnings on implicit declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form beginning ‘`-Wno-`’ to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit`. This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default.

The following options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced by GCC; for further, language-specific options also refer to C++ Dialect Options and Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.

`-fsyntax-only`
  Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond that.
`-pedantic`
  Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ISO C and ISO C++; reject all programs that use forbidden extensions, and some other programs that do not follow ISO C and ISO C++. For ISO C, follows the version of the ISO C standard specified by any `-std` option used.

  Valid ISO C and ISO C++ programs should compile properly with or without this option (though a rare few will require `-ansi` or a `-std` option specifying the required version of ISO C). However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional C and C++ features are supported as well. With this option, they are rejected.

  `-pedantic` does not cause warning messages for use of the alternate keywords whose names begin and end with ‘`__`’. Pedantic warnings are also disabled in the expression that follows `__extension__`. However, only system header files should use these escape routes; application programs should avoid them. See Alternate Keywords.

  Some users try to use `-pedantic` to check programs for strict ISO C conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they want: it finds some non-ISO practices, but not all—only those for which ISO C requires a diagnostic, and some others for which diagnostics have been added.

  A feature to report any failure to conform to ISO C might be useful in some instances, but would require considerable additional work and would be quite different from `-pedantic`. We don't have plans to support such a feature in the near future.

  Where the standard specified with `-std` represents a GNU extended dialect of C, such as ‘`gnu89`’ or ‘`gnu99`’, there is a corresponding base standard, the version of ISO C on which the GNU extended dialect is based. Warnings from `-pedantic` are given where they are required by the base standard. (It would not make sense for such warnings to be given only for features not in the specified GNU C dialect, since by definition the GNU dialects of C include all features the compiler supports with the given option, and there would be nothing to warn about.)

`-pedantic-errors`
  Like `-pedantic`, except that errors are produced rather than warnings.
`-w`
  Inhibit all warning messages.
`-Wno-import`
  Inhibit warning messages about the use of ‘`#import`’.
`-Wchar-subscripts`
  Warn if an array subscript has type `char`. This is a common cause of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on some machines. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wcomment`
  Warn whenever a comment-start sequence ‘`/*`’ appears in a ‘`/*`’ comment, or whenever a Backslash-Newline appears in a ‘`//`’ comment. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wfatal-errors`
  This option causes the compiler to abort compilation on the first error occurred rather than trying to keep going and printing further error messages.
`-Wformat`
  Check calls to `printf` and `scanf`, etc., to make sure that the arguments supplied have types appropriate to the format string specified, and that the conversions specified in the format string make sense. This includes standard functions, and others specified by format attributes (see Function Attributes), in the `printf`, `scanf`, `strftime` and `strfmon` (an X/Open extension, not in the C standard) families (or other target-specific families). Which functions are checked without format attributes having been specified depends on the standard version selected, and such checks of functions without the attribute specified are disabled by `-ffreestanding` or `-fno-builtin`.

  The formats are checked against the format features supported by GNU libc version 2.2. These include all ISO C90 and C99 features, as well as features from the Single Unix Specification and some BSD and GNU extensions. Other library implementations may not support all these features; GCC does not support warning about features that go beyond a particular library's limitations. However, if `-pedantic` is used with `-Wformat`, warnings will be given about format features not in the selected standard version (but not for `strfmon` formats, since those are not in any version of the C standard). See Options Controlling C Dialect.

  Since `-Wformat` also checks for null format arguments for several functions, `-Wformat` also implies `-Wnonnull`.

  `-Wformat` is included in `-Wall`. For more control over some aspects of format checking, the options `-Wformat-y2k`, `-Wno-format-extra-args`, `-Wno-format-zero-length`, `-Wformat-nonliteral`, `-Wformat-security`, and `-Wformat=2` are available, but are not included in `-Wall`.

`-Wformat-y2k`
  If `-Wformat` is specified, also warn about `strftime` formats which may yield only a two-digit year.
`-Wno-format-extra-args`
  If `-Wformat` is specified, do not warn about excess arguments to a `printf` or `scanf` format function. The C standard specifies that such arguments are ignored.

  Where the unused arguments lie between used arguments that are specified with ‘`$`’ operand number specifications, normally warnings are still given, since the implementation could not know what type to pass to `va_arg` to skip the unused arguments. However, in the case of `scanf` formats, this option will suppress the warning if the unused arguments are all pointers, since the Single Unix Specification says that such unused arguments are allowed.

`-Wno-format-zero-length`
  If `-Wformat` is specified, do not warn about zero-length formats. The C standard specifies that zero-length formats are allowed.
`-Wformat-nonliteral`
  If `-Wformat` is specified, also warn if the format string is not a string literal and so cannot be checked, unless the format function takes its format arguments as a `va_list`.
`-Wformat-security`
  If `-Wformat` is specified, also warn about uses of format functions that represent possible security problems. At present, this warns about calls to `printf` and `scanf` functions where the format string is not a string literal and there are no format arguments, as in `printf (foo);`. This may be a security hole if the format string came from untrusted input and contains ‘`%n`’. (This is currently a subset of what `-Wformat-nonliteral` warns about, but in future warnings may be added to `-Wformat-security` that are not included in `-Wformat-nonliteral`.)
`-Wformat=2`
  Enable `-Wformat` plus format checks not included in `-Wformat`. Currently equivalent to ‘`-Wformat -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-security -Wformat-y2k`’.
`-Wnonnull`
  Warn about passing a null pointer for arguments marked as requiring a non-null value by the `nonnull` function attribute.

  `-Wnonnull` is included in `-Wall` and `-Wformat`. It can be disabled with the `-Wno-nonnull` option.

`-Winit-self` (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
  Warn about uninitialized variables which are initialized with themselves. Note this option can only be used with the `-Wuninitialized` option, which in turn only works with `-O1` and above.

  For example, GCC will warn about `i` being uninitialized in the following snippet only when `-Winit-self` has been specified:

                int f()
                {
                  int i = i;
                  return i;
                }

`-Wimplicit-int`
  Warn when a declaration does not specify a type. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wimplicit-function-declaration`
`-Werror-implicit-function-declaration`
  Give a warning (or error) whenever a function is used before being declared. The form `-Wno-error-implicit-function-declaration` is not supported. This warning is enabled by `-Wall` (as a warning, not an error).
`-Wimplicit`
  Same as `-Wimplicit-int` and `-Wimplicit-function-declaration`. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wmain`
  Warn if the type of ‘`main`’ is suspicious. ‘`main`’ should be a function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wmissing-braces`
  Warn if an aggregate or union initializer is not fully bracketed. In the following example, the initializer for ‘`a`’ is not fully bracketed, but that for ‘`b`’ is fully bracketed.

                int a[2][2] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
                int b[2][2] = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 } };

  This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

`-Wmissing-include-dirs` (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
  Warn if a user-supplied include directory does not exist.
`-Wparentheses`
  Warn if parentheses are omitted in certain contexts, such as when there is an assignment in a context where a truth value is expected, or when operators are nested whose precedence people often get confused about. Only the warning for an assignment used as a truth value is supported when compiling C++; the other warnings are only supported when compiling C.

  Also warn if a comparison like ‘`x<=y<=z`’ appears; this is equivalent to ‘`(x<=y ? 1 : 0) <= z`’, which is a different interpretation from that of ordinary mathematical notation.

  Also warn about constructions where there may be confusion to which `if` statement an `else` branch belongs. Here is an example of such a case:

                {
                  if (a)
                    if (b)
                      foo ();
                  else
                    bar ();
                }

  In C, every `else` branch belongs to the innermost possible `if` statement, which in this example is `if (b)`. This is often not what the programmer expected, as illustrated in the above example by indentation the programmer chose. When there is the potential for this confusion, GCC will issue a warning when this flag is specified. To eliminate the warning, add explicit braces around the innermost `if` statement so there is no way the `else` could belong to the enclosing `if`. The resulting code would look like this:

                {
                  if (a)
                    {
                      if (b)
                        foo ();
                      else
                        bar ();
                    }
                }

  This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

`-Wsequence-point`
  Warn about code that may have undefined semantics because of violations of sequence point rules in the C standard.

  The C standard defines the order in which expressions in a C program are evaluated in terms of sequence points, which represent a partial ordering between the execution of parts of the program: those executed before the sequence point, and those executed after it. These occur after the evaluation of a full expression (one which is not part of a larger expression), after the evaluation of the first operand of a `&&`, `||`, `? :` or `,` (comma) operator, before a function is called (but after the evaluation of its arguments and the expression denoting the called function), and in certain other places. Other than as expressed by the sequence point rules, the order of evaluation of subexpressions of an expression is not specified. All these rules describe only a partial order rather than a total order, since, for example, if two functions are called within one expression with no sequence point between them, the order in which the functions are called is not specified. However, the standards committee have ruled that function calls do not overlap.

  It is not specified when between sequence points modifications to the values of objects take effect. Programs whose behavior depends on this have undefined behavior; the C standard specifies that “Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall have its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an expression. Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to determine the value to be stored.”. If a program breaks these rules, the results on any particular implementation are entirely unpredictable.

  Examples of code with undefined behavior are `a = a++;`, `a[n] = b[n++]` and `a[i++] = i;`. Some more complicated cases are not diagnosed by this option, and it may give an occasional false positive result, but in general it has been found fairly effective at detecting this sort of problem in programs.

  The present implementation of this option only works for C programs. A future implementation may also work for C++ programs.

  The C standard is worded confusingly, therefore there is some debate over the precise meaning of the sequence point rules in subtle cases. Links to discussions of the problem, including proposed formal definitions, may be found on the GCC readings page, at http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html.

  This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

`-Wreturn-type`
  Warn whenever a function is defined with a return-type that defaults to `int`. Also warn about any `return` statement with no return-value in a function whose return-type is not `void`.

  For C, also warn if the return type of a function has a type qualifier such as `const`. Such a type qualifier has no effect, since the value returned by a function is not an lvalue. ISO C prohibits qualified `void` return types on function definitions, so such return types always receive a warning even without this option.

  For C++, a function without return type always produces a diagnostic message, even when `-Wno-return-type` is specified. The only exceptions are ‘`main`’ and functions defined in system headers.

  This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

`-Wswitch`
  Warn whenever a `switch` statement has an index of enumerated type and lacks a `case` for one or more of the named codes of that enumeration. (The presence of a `default` label prevents this warning.) `case` labels outside the enumeration range also provoke warnings when this option is used. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wswitch-default`
  Warn whenever a `switch` statement does not have a `default` case.
`-Wswitch-enum`
  Warn whenever a `switch` statement has an index of enumerated type and lacks a `case` for one or more of the named codes of that enumeration. `case` labels outside the enumeration range also provoke warnings when this option is used.
`-Wtrigraphs`
  Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the meaning of the program (trigraphs within comments are not warned about). This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wunused-function`
  Warn whenever a static function is declared but not defined or a non-inline static function is unused. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.
`-Wunused-label`
  Warn whenever a label is declared but not used. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

  To suppress this warning use the ‘`unused`’ attribute (see Variable Attributes).

`-Wunused-parameter`
  Warn whenever a function parameter is unused aside from its declaration.

  To suppress this warning use the ‘`unused`’ attribute (see Variable Attributes).

`-Wunused-variable`
  Warn whenever a local variable or non-constant static variable is unused aside from its declaration. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

  To suppress this warning use the ‘`unused`’ attribute (see Variable Attributes).

`-Wunused-value`
  Warn whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not used. This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

  To suppress this warning cast the expression to ‘`void`’.

`-Wunused`
  All the above `-Wunused` options combined.

  In order to get a warning about an unused function parameter, you must either specify ‘`-Wextra -Wunused`’ (note that ‘`-Wall`’ implies ‘`-Wunused`’), or separately specify `-Wunused-parameter`.

`-Wuninitialized`
  Warn if an automatic variable is used without first being initialized or if a variable may be clobbered by a `setjmp` call.

  These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation, because they require data flow information that is computed only when optimizing. If you don't specify `-O`, you simply won't get these warnings.

  If you want to warn about code which uses the uninitialized value of the variable in its own initializer, use the `-Winit-self` option.

  These warnings occur for individual uninitialized or clobbered elements of structure, union or array variables as well as for variables which are uninitialized or clobbered as a whole. They do not occur for variables or elements declared `volatile`. Because these warnings depend on optimization, the exact variables or elements for which there are warnings will depend on the precise optimization options and version of GCC used.

  Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the warnings are printed.

  These warnings are made optional because GCC is not smart enough to see all the reasons why the code might be correct despite appearing to have an error. Here is one example of how this can happen:

                {
                  int x;
                  switch (y)
                    {
                    case 1: x = 1;
                      break;
                    case 2: x = 4;
                      break;
                    case 3: x = 5;
                    }
                  foo (x);
                }

  If the value of `y` is always 1, 2 or 3, then `x` is always initialized, but GCC doesn't know this. Here is another common case:

                {
                  int save_y;
                  if (change_y) save_y = y, y = new_y;
                  ...
                  if (change_y) y = save_y;
                }

  This has no bug because `save_y` is used only if it is set.

  This option also warns when a non-volatile automatic variable might be changed by a call to `longjmp`. These warnings as well are possible only in optimizing compilation.

  The compiler sees only the calls to `setjmp`. It cannot know where `longjmp` will be called; in fact, a signal handler could call it at any point in the code. As a result, you may get a warning even when there is in fact no problem because `longjmp` cannot in fact be called at the place which would cause a problem.

  Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare all the functions you use that never return as `noreturn`. See Function Attributes.

  This warning is enabled by `-Wall`.

`-Wunknown-pragmas`
  Warn when a #pragma directive is encountered which is not understood by GCC. If this command line option is used, warnings will even be issued for unknown pragmas in system header files. This is not the case if the warnings were only enabled by the `-Wall` command line option.
`-Wno-pragmas`
  Do not warn about misuses of pragmas, such as incorrect parameters, invalid syntax, or conflicts between pragmas. See also ‘`-Wunknown-pragmas`’.
`-Wstrict-aliasing`
  This option is only active when `-fstrict-aliasing` is active. It warns about code which might break the strict aliasing rules that the compiler is using for optimization. The warning does not catch all cases, but does attempt to catch the more common pitfalls. It is included in `-Wall`.
`-Wstrict-aliasing=2`
  This option is only active when `-fstrict-aliasing` is active. It warns about code which might break the strict aliasing rules that the compiler is using for optimization. This warning catches more cases than `-Wstrict-aliasing`, but it will also give a warning for some ambiguous cases that are safe.
`-Wall`
  All of the above ‘`-W`’ options combined. This enables all the warnings about constructions that some users consider questionable, and that are easy to avoid (or modify to prevent the warning), even in conjunction with macros. This also enables some language-specific warnings described in C++ Dialect Options and Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.

The following `-W...` options are not implied by `-Wall`. Some of them warn about constructions that users generally do not consider questionable, but which occasionally you might wish to check for; others warn about constructions that are necessary or hard to avoid in some cases, and there is no simple way to modify the code to suppress the warning.

`-Wextra`
  (This option used to be called `-W`. The older name is still supported, but the newer name is more descriptive.) Print extra warning messages for these events:
  - A function can return either with or without a value. (Falling off the end of the function body is considered returning without a value.) For example, this function would evoke such a warning:

                       foo (a)
                       {
                         if (a > 0)
                           return a;
                       }

  - An expression-statement or the left-hand side of a comma expression contains no side effects. To suppress the warning, cast the unused expression to void. For example, an expression such as ‘`x[i,j]`’ will cause a warning, but ‘`x[(void)i,j]`’ will not.
  - An unsigned value is compared against zero with ‘`<`’ or ‘`>=`’.
  - Storage-class specifiers like `static` are not the first things in a declaration. According to the C Standard, this usage is obsolescent.
  - If `-Wall` or `-Wunused` is also specified, warn about unused arguments.
  - A comparison between signed and unsigned values could produce an incorrect result when the signed value is converted to unsigned. (But don't warn if `-Wno-sign-compare` is also specified.)
  - An aggregate has an initializer which does not initialize all members. This warning can be independently controlled by `-Wmissing-field-initializers`.
  - A function parameter is declared without a type specifier in K&R-style functions:

                       void foo(bar) { }

  - An empty body occurs in an ‘`if`’ or ‘`else`’ statement.
  - A pointer is compared against integer zero with ‘`<`’, ‘`<=`’, ‘`>`’, or ‘`>=`’.
  - A variable might be changed by ‘`longjmp`’ or ‘`vfork`’.
  - Any of several floating-point events that often indicate errors, such as overflow, underflow, loss of precision, etc.
  - (C++ only) An enumerator and a non-enumerator both appear in a conditional expression.
  - (C++ only) A non-static reference or non-static ‘`const`’ member appears in a class without constructors.
  - (C++ only) Ambiguous virtual bases.
  - (C++ only) Subscripting an array which has been declared ‘`register`’.
  - (C++ only) Taking the address of a variable which has been declared ‘`register`’.
  - (C++ only) A base class is not initialized in a derived class' copy constructor.
`-Wno-div-by-zero`
  Do not warn about compile-time integer division by zero. Floating point division by zero is not warned about, as it can be a legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.
`-Wsystem-headers`
  Print warning messages for constructs found in system header files. Warnings from system headers are normally suppressed, on the assumption that they usually do not indicate real problems and would only make the compiler output harder to read. Using this command line option tells GCC to emit warnings from system headers as if they occurred in user code. However, note that using `-Wall` in conjunction with this option will not warn about unknown pragmas in system headers—for that, `-Wunknown-pragmas` must also be used.
`-Wfloat-equal`
  Warn if floating point values are used in equality comparisons.

  The idea behind this is that sometimes it is convenient (for the programmer) to consider floating-point values as approximations to infinitely precise real numbers. If you are doing this, then you need to compute (by analyzing the code, or in some other way) the maximum or likely maximum error that the computation introduces, and allow for it when performing comparisons (and when producing output, but that's a different problem). In particular, instead of testing for equality, you would check to see whether the two values have ranges that overlap; and this is done with the relational operators, so equality comparisons are probably mistaken.

`-Wtraditional` (C only)
  Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and ISO C. Also warn about ISO C constructs that have no traditional C equivalent, and/or problematic constructs which should be avoided.
  - Macro parameters that appear within string literals in the macro body. In traditional C macro replacement takes place within string literals, but does not in ISO C.
  - In traditional C, some preprocessor directives did not exist. Traditional preprocessors would only consider a line to be a directive if the ‘`#`’ appeared in column 1 on the line. Therefore `-Wtraditional` warns about directives that traditional C understands but would ignore because the ‘`#`’ does not appear as the first character on the line. It also suggests you hide directives like ‘`#pragma`’ not understood by traditional C by indenting them. Some traditional implementations would not recognize ‘`#elif`’, so it suggests avoiding it altogether.
  - A function-like macro that appears without arguments.
  - The unary plus operator.
  - The ‘`U`’ integer constant suffix, or the ‘`F`’ or ‘`L`’ floating point constant suffixes. (Traditional C does support the ‘`L`’ suffix on integer constants.) Note, these suffixes appear in macros defined in the system headers of most modern systems, e.g. the ‘`_MIN`’/‘`_MAX`’ macros in `<limits.h>`. Use of these macros in user code might normally lead to spurious warnings, however GCC's integrated preprocessor has enough context to avoid warning in these cases.
  - A function declared external in one block and then used after the end of the block.
  - A `switch` statement has an operand of type `long`.
  - A non-`static` function declaration follows a `static` one. This construct is not accepted by some traditional C compilers.
  - The ISO type of an integer constant has a different width or signedness from its traditional type. This warning is only issued if the base of the constant is ten. I.e. hexadecimal or octal values, which typically represent bit patterns, are not warned about.
  - Usage of ISO string concatenation is detected.
  - Initialization of automatic aggregates.
  - Identifier conflicts with labels. Traditional C lacks a separate namespace for labels.
  - Initialization of unions. If the initializer is zero, the warning is omitted. This is done under the assumption that the zero initializer in user code appears conditioned on e.g. `__STDC__` to avoid missing initializer warnings and relies on default initialization to zero in the traditional C case.
  - Conversions by prototypes between fixed/floating point values and vice versa. The absence of these prototypes when compiling with traditional C would cause serious problems. This is a subset of the possible conversion warnings, for the full set use `-Wconversion`.
  - Use of ISO C style function definitions. This warning intentionally is not issued for prototype declarations or variadic functions because these ISO C features will appear in your code when using libiberty's traditional C compatibility macros, `PARAMS` and `VPARAMS`. This warning is also bypassed for nested functions because that feature is already a GCC extension and thus not relevant to traditional C compatibility.
`-Wdeclaration-after-statement` (C only)
  Warn when a declaration is found after a statement in a block. This construct, known from C++, was introduced with ISO C99 and is by default allowed in GCC. It is not supported by ISO C90 and was not supported by GCC versions before GCC 3.0. See Mixed Declarations.
`-Wundef`
  Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an ‘`#if`’ directive.
`-Wno-endif-labels`
  Do not warn whenever an ‘`#else`’ or an ‘`#endif`’ are followed by text.
`-Wshadow`
  Warn whenever a local variable shadows another local variable, parameter or global variable or whenever a built-in function is shadowed.
`-Wlarger-than-`len
  Warn whenever an object of larger than len bytes is defined.
`-Wunsafe-loop-optimizations`
  Warn if the loop cannot be optimized because the compiler could not assume anything on the bounds of the loop indices. With `-funsafe-loop-optimizations` warn if the compiler made such assumptions.
`-Wpointer-arith`
  Warn about anything that depends on the “size of” a function type or of `void`. GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for convenience in calculations with `void *` pointers and pointers to functions.
`-Wbad-function-cast` (C only)
  Warn whenever a function call is cast to a non-matching type. For example, warn if `int malloc()` is cast to `anything *`.
`-Wc++-compat`
  Warn about ISO C constructs that are outside of the common subset of ISO C and ISO C++, e.g. request for implicit conversion from `void *` to a pointer to non-`void` type.
`-Wcast-qual`
  Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier from the target type. For example, warn if a `const char *` is cast to an ordinary `char *`.
`-Wcast-align`
  Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of the target is increased. For example, warn if a `char *` is cast to an `int *` on machines where integers can only be accessed at two- or four-byte boundaries.
`-Wwrite-strings`
  When compiling C, give string constants the type `const char[`length`]` so that copying the address of one into a non-`const` `char *` pointer will get a warning; when compiling C++, warn about the deprecated conversion from string constants to `char *`. These warnings will help you find at compile time code that can try to write into a string constant, but only if you have been very careful about using `const` in declarations and prototypes. Otherwise, it will just be a nuisance; this is why we did not make `-Wall` request these warnings.
`-Wconversion`
  Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a prototype. This includes conversions of fixed point to floating and vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness of a fixed point argument except when the same as the default promotion.

  Also, warn if a negative integer constant expression is implicitly converted to an unsigned type. For example, warn about the assignment `x = -1` if `x` is unsigned. But do not warn about explicit casts like `(unsigned) -1`.

`-Wsign-compare`
  Warn when a comparison between signed and unsigned values could produce an incorrect result when the signed value is converted to unsigned. This warning is also enabled by `-Wextra`; to get the other warnings of `-Wextra` without this warning, use ‘`-Wextra -Wno-sign-compare`’.
`-Waggregate-return`
  Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined or called. (In languages where you can return an array, this also elicits a warning.)
`-Wno-attributes`
  Do not warn if an unexpected `__attribute__` is used, such as unrecognized attributes, function attributes applied to variables, etc. This will not stop errors for incorrect use of supported attributes.
`-Wstrict-prototypes` (C only)
  Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the argument types. (An old-style function definition is permitted without a warning if preceded by a declaration which specifies the argument types.)
`-Wold-style-definition` (C only)
  Warn if an old-style function definition is used. A warning is given even if there is a previous prototype.
`-Wmissing-prototypes` (C only)
  Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype declaration. This warning is issued even if the definition itself provides a prototype. The aim is to detect global functions that fail to be declared in header files.
`-Wmissing-declarations` (C only)
  Warn if a global function is defined without a previous declaration. Do so even if the definition itself provides a prototype. Use this option to detect global functions that are not declared in header files.
`-Wmissing-field-initializers`
  Warn if a structure's initializer has some fields missing. For example, the following code would cause such a warning, because `x.h` is implicitly zero:

                struct s { int f, g, h; };
                struct s x = { 3, 4 };

  This option does not warn about designated initializers, so the following modification would not trigger a warning:

                struct s { int f, g, h; };
                struct s x = { .f = 3, .g = 4 };

  This warning is included in `-Wextra`. To get other `-Wextra` warnings without this one, use ‘`-Wextra -Wno-missing-field-initializers`’.

`-Wmissing-noreturn`
  Warn about functions which might be candidates for attribute `noreturn`. Note these are only possible candidates, not absolute ones. Care should be taken to manually verify functions actually do not ever return before adding the `noreturn` attribute, otherwise subtle code generation bugs could be introduced. You will not get a warning for `main` in hosted C environments.
`-Wmissing-format-attribute`
  Warn about function pointers which might be candidates for `format` attributes. Note these are only possible candidates, not absolute ones. GCC will guess that function pointers with `format` attributes that are used in assignment, initialization, parameter passing or return statements should have a corresponding `format` attribute in the resulting type. I.e. the left-hand side of the assignment or initialization, the type of the parameter variable, or the return type of the containing function respectively should also have a `format` attribute to avoid the warning.

  GCC will also warn about function definitions which might be candidates for `format` attributes. Again, these are only possible candidates. GCC will guess that `format` attributes might be appropriate for any function that calls a function like `vprintf` or `vscanf`, but this might not always be the case, and some functions for which `format` attributes are appropriate may not be detected.

`-Wno-multichar`
  Do not warn if a multicharacter constant (‘`'FOOF'`’) is used. Usually they indicate a typo in the user's code, as they have implementation-defined values, and should not be used in portable code.
`-Wnormalized=<none|id|nfc|nfkc>`
  In ISO C and ISO C++, two identifiers are different if they are different sequences of characters. However, sometimes when characters outside the basic ASCII character set are used, you can have two different character sequences that look the same. To avoid confusion, the ISO 10646 standard sets out some normalization rules which when applied ensure that two sequences that look the same are turned into the same sequence. GCC can warn you if you are using identifiers which have not been normalized; this option controls that warning.

  There are four levels of warning that GCC supports. The default is `-Wnormalized=nfc`, which warns about any identifier which is not in the ISO 10646 “C” normalized form, NFC. NFC is the recommended form for most uses.

  Unfortunately, there are some characters which ISO C and ISO C++ allow in identifiers that when turned into NFC aren't allowable as identifiers. That is, there's no way to use these symbols in portable ISO C or C++ and have all your identifiers in NFC. `-Wnormalized=id` suppresses the warning for these characters. It is hoped that future versions of the standards involved will correct this, which is why this option is not the default.

  You can switch the warning off for all characters by writing `-Wnormalized=none`. You would only want to do this if you were using some other normalization scheme (like “D”), because otherwise you can easily create bugs that are literally impossible to see.

  Some characters in ISO 10646 have distinct meanings but look identical in some fonts or display methodologies, especially once formatting has been applied. For instance `\u207F`, “SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER N”, will display just like a regular `n` which has been placed in a superscript. ISO 10646 defines the NFKC normalisation scheme to convert all these into a standard form as well, and GCC will warn if your code is not in NFKC if you use `-Wnormalized=nfkc`. This warning is comparable to warning about every identifier that contains the letter O because it might be confused with the digit 0, and so is not the default, but may be useful as a local coding convention if the programming environment is unable to be fixed to display these characters distinctly.

`-Wno-deprecated-declarations`
  Do not warn about uses of functions, variables, and types marked as deprecated by using the `deprecated` attribute. (see Function Attributes, see Variable Attributes, see Type Attributes.)
`-Wpacked`
  Warn if a structure is given the packed attribute, but the packed attribute has no effect on the layout or size of the structure. Such structures may be mis-aligned for little benefit. For instance, in this code, the variable `f.x` in `struct bar` will be misaligned even though `struct bar` does not itself have the packed attribute:

                struct foo {
                  int x;
                  char a, b, c, d;
                } __attribute__((packed));
                struct bar {
                  char z;
                  struct foo f;
                };

`-Wpadded`
  Warn if padding is included in a structure, either to align an element of the structure or to align the whole structure. Sometimes when this happens it is possible to rearrange the fields of the structure to reduce the padding and so make the structure smaller.
`-Wredundant-decls`
  Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing.
`-Wnested-externs` (C only)
  Warn if an `extern` declaration is encountered within a function.
`-Wunreachable-code`
  Warn if the compiler detects that code will never be executed.

  This option is intended to warn when the compiler detects that at least a whole line of source code will never be executed, because some condition is never satisfied or because it is after a procedure that never returns.

  It is possible for this option to produce a warning even though there are circumstances under which part of the affected line can be executed, so care should be taken when removing apparently-unreachable code.

  For instance, when a function is inlined, a warning may mean that the line is unreachable in only one inlined copy of the function.

  This option is not made part of `-Wall` because in a debugging version of a program there is often substantial code which checks correct functioning of the program and is, hopefully, unreachable because the program does work. Another common use of unreachable code is to provide behavior which is selectable at compile-time.

`-Winline`
  Warn if a function can not be inlined and it was declared as inline. Even with this option, the compiler will not warn about failures to inline functions declared in system headers.

  The compiler uses a variety of heuristics to determine whether or not to inline a function. For example, the compiler takes into account the size of the function being inlined and the amount of inlining that has already been done in the current function. Therefore, seemingly insignificant changes in the source program can cause the warnings produced by `-Winline` to appear or disappear.

`-Wno-invalid-offsetof` (C++ only)
  Suppress warnings from applying the ‘`offsetof`’ macro to a non-POD type. According to the 1998 ISO C++ standard, applying ‘`offsetof`’ to a non-POD type is undefined. In existing C++ implementations, however, ‘`offsetof`’ typically gives meaningful results even when applied to certain kinds of non-POD types. (Such as a simple ‘`struct`’ that fails to be a POD type only by virtue of having a constructor.) This flag is for users who are aware that they are writing nonportable code and who have deliberately chosen to ignore the warning about it.

  The restrictions on ‘`offsetof`’ may be relaxed in a future version of the C++ standard.

`-Wno-int-to-pointer-cast` (C only)
  Suppress warnings from casts to pointer type of an integer of a different size.
`-Wno-pointer-to-int-cast` (C only)
  Suppress warnings from casts from a pointer to an integer type of a different size.
`-Winvalid-pch`
  Warn if a precompiled header (see Precompiled Headers) is found in the search path but can't be used.
`-Wlong-long`
  Warn if ‘`long long`’ type is used. This is default. To inhibit the warning messages, use `-Wno-long-long`. Flags `-Wlong-long` and `-Wno-long-long` are taken into account only when `-pedantic` flag is used.
`-Wvariadic-macros`
  Warn if variadic macros are used in pedantic ISO C90 mode, or the GNU alternate syntax when in pedantic ISO C99 mode. This is default. To inhibit the warning messages, use `-Wno-variadic-macros`.
`-Wvolatile-register-var`
  Warn if a register variable is declared volatile. The volatile modifier does not inhibit all optimizations that may eliminate reads and/or writes to register variables.
`-Wdisabled-optimization`
  Warn if a requested optimization pass is disabled. This warning does not generally indicate that there is anything wrong with your code; it merely indicates that GCC's optimizers were unable to handle the code effectively. Often, the problem is that your code is too big or too complex; GCC will refuse to optimize programs when the optimization itself is likely to take inordinate amounts of time.
`-Wpointer-sign`
  Warn for pointer argument passing or assignment with different signedness. This option is only supported for C and Objective-C. It is implied by `-Wall` and by `-pedantic`, which can be disabled with `-Wno-pointer-sign`.
`-Werror`
  Make all warnings into errors.
`-Wstack-protector`
  This option is only active when `-fstack-protector` is active. It warns about functions that will not be protected against stack smashing.